In the construction of long-distance oil and gas pipeline, geological disasters and soil erosion occur with different kinds and styles of spatial distribution. On the one hand, the construction will trigger geological disasters such as landslide, debris flow and collapse. On the other hand, it will lead to soil structural damage in association with soil and water loss. Guiyang-Chongqing pipeline project of oil products was taken as an example, which is in the southwest of China. Geological disasters and soil erosion caused by construction were summarized and analyzed for the project. On the basis of this, we obtained the behavior and characteristics of disasters and propose prevention measures. In other words, we must obey principles (prevention first, combining prevention with control, adjusting measures to local conditions, prevention for disaster and comprehensive management), for the purpose of developments of ecology and economy. Finally, the research results can be referenced for soil and water conservation in oil and gas pipeline projects.