宁夏清水河流域水土保持作用下的水沙效应研究

doi:10.11988/ckyyb.20240439

raybet体育在线院报 ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (6): 94-101.DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20240439

宁夏清水河流域水土保持作用下的水沙效应研究

杨军¹(), 徐敬华¹(), 曾晨军¹, 刘昌慧²

¹ 广东省水利水电科学研究院农村水利水电与水保工程研究所,广州 510630
² 华南农业大学资源环境学院,广州 510630

收稿日期:2024-04-29 修回日期:2024-07-05 出版日期:2025-06-01 发布日期:2025-06-01
通信作者:
徐敬华(1982-),男,陕西延安人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:20966823@qq.com
作者简介:
杨军(1995-),男,江苏盐城人,助理工程师,硕士,研究方向为流域水文。E-mail:2403498113@qq.com
基金资助:
广东省水利科技创新项目(2020-21)

Water and Sediment Effects of Soil and Water Conservation in Qingshui River Basin, Ningxia

YANG Jun¹(), XU Jing-hua¹(), ZENG Chen-jun¹, LIU Chang-hui²

¹ Rural Water and Hydropower & Soil and Water Conservation Research Department,Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510630, China
² College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China

Received:2024-04-29 Revised:2024-07-05 Published:2025-06-01 Online:2025-06-01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

受气候变化和大规模水土保持措施等因素共同作用下,黄河水沙情势发生剧烈变化。以黄河宁夏段面积最大、侵蚀最为严重的清水河流域为研究对象,基于1955—2016年实测水沙资料,解析水沙对关键影响因素的响应规律,探究水土保持作用下流域水沙关系演变特征。结果表明:清水河流域整体上呈现水沙减少趋势,人类活动引发的下垫面剧烈改变是水沙变化的主要因素,加快了流域水沙关系的演变;2000年后流域水沙关系发生明显转变,具体表现为水沙关系曲线系数a的显著降低,流域下游指数b明显上升。本研究认为流域水沙关系受到大规模水土保持措施实施的驱动而发生演变,基于泥沙的“储存-释放”效应,在新水沙条件下,强输沙事件出现的概率仍旧存在,因此需要加强预防措施。

关键词: 水沙效应, 河流输沙变异特性, 气候变化, 水土保持, “储存-释放”效应, 黄河流域

Abstract:

[Objective] Current studies on the causes of water-sediment variation in the Yellow River mainly focus on the middle reaches’ hyperconcentrated sediment region or the Hekou-Longmen reach. Fewer studies have addressed the evolution of water-sediment relationships in typical tributaries of the upper reaches. Most existing research focuses on influencing factors of total water-sediment changes, with limited investigations on the driving factors behind water-sediment relationship evolution. The basin’s water-sediment effects under large-scale ecological restoration measures urgently need to be revealed. [Methods] This study took the Qingshui River Basin (QRB), the largest and most severely eroded tributary in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River, as the research object. Based on the actual water and sand data measured in the research area from 1955 to 2016, trend analysis and water-sediment relationship curves were used to reveal the characteristics of water-sediment changes. Multi-source data were employed to analyze the response of water and sediment to key influencing factors, ultimately exploring the evolution of basin water-sediment relationships under soil and water conservation. [Results] The interannual variations in runoff and sediment transport in the QRB were drastic. Annual runoff and sediment transport in Guyuan showed a significant downward trend. Annual runoff in Hanfuwang exhibited a significant decline, while annual sediment transport showed a non-significant decrease. Annual runoff and sediment transport in Quanyan Mountain showed no significant changes. Significant abrupt change years were observed in both annual runoff and sediment transport in the QRB. The abrupt change in annual runoff occurred in the 1990s, while that in annual sediment transport occurred after 2000. The periods of strong soil and water conservation measures in the Loess Plateau were close to the above abrupt change years of water-sediment factors. Sediment production in the QRB was jointly influenced by climate change (precipitation) and human activities. Drastic changes in the underlying surface caused by human activities were the primary factor leading to the sharp reduction in water and sediment in the QRB, further driving the evolution of basin water-sediment relationships. After 2000, the basin’s water-sediment relationship underwent a distinct transformation, specifically manifested as a significant decrease in the coefficient “a” of the water-sediment relationship curve and a notable increase in the downstream index “b”. Drastic changes in the underlying surface caused by human activities remained the primary factor driving water-sediment changes and the evolution of basin water-sediment relationships. [Conclusions] The water-sediment relationships in the basin have evolved as a result of large-scale soil and water conservation measures. Based on the sediment “storage-release” effect, the probability of strong sediment transport events still exists under new water-sediment conditions, necessitating strengthened preventive measures.

Key words: water and sediment effect, sediment transport variation, climatic change, water and soil conservation, storage-release, Yellow River Basin

中图分类号:

杨军, 徐敬华, 曾晨军, 刘昌慧. 宁夏清水河流域水土保持作用下的水沙效应研究[J]. raybet体育在线院报, 2025, 42(6): 94-101.

YANG Jun, XU Jing-hua, ZENG Chen-jun, LIU Chang-hui. Water and Sediment Effects of Soil and Water Conservation in Qingshui River Basin, Ningxia[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2025, 42(6): 94-101.

图/表 10

图1 清水河流域地理位置

Fig.1 Location of Qingshui River Basin (QRB)

表1 水文站基本情况与数据序列

Table 1 Introduction of hydrological stations and data series

站名	测站编码	集水面积/ km²	经度/ (°)	纬度/ (°)	数据序列 (年)
固原	40501100	210	106.3	36.02	1967—2008
韩府湾	40501500	4 935	106.15	36.60	1960—2016
泉眼山	40501900	14 480	105.67	37.46	1955—2016

图2 清水流域年径流量与年输沙量线性趋势

Fig.2 Linear trends analysis of annual runoff and annual sediment transport in QRB

表2 MK趋势检验与Sen’s slope计算结果

Table 2 Results of MK trend test and Sen’s slope calculation

站点	年径流量		年输沙量
站点	MK检验参数Z值	Sen’s, β/(10⁴m³)	MK检验参数Z值	Sen’s, β/(10⁴t)
固原	-3.44^***	-18.75	-3. $4 * * *$	-0.66
韩府湾	-5.16^***	-119.56	-1.3^NS	-6.86
泉眼山	1.41^NS	61.23	0.56^NS	6.62

表2 MK趋势检验与Sen’s slope计算结果

Table 2 Results of MK trend test and Sen’s slope calculation

站点	年径流量		年输沙量
站点	MK检验参数Z值	Sen’s, β/(10⁴m³)	MK检验参数Z值	Sen’s, β/(10⁴t)
固原	-3.44^***	-18.75	-3. $4 * * *$	-0.66
韩府湾	-5.16^***	-119.56	-1.3^NS	-6.86
泉眼山	1.41^NS	61.23	0.56^NS	6.62

图3 清水流域年径流输沙量的MK突变检验

Fig.3 MK test results for abrupt change in annual runoff and sediment transport in QRB

图4 清水流域3个水文站点的水沙关系曲线

Fig.4 Water-sediment relationship curves at three hydrological stations in QRB

图5 清水流域3个水文站点的水沙关系曲线参数变化特征

Fig.5 Variation in water-sediment relationship curve parameters at three hydrological stations

图6 清水河流域不同时期各降水特征值的距平百分比以及对应时期泉眼山的年输沙量注:右上图表示泉眼山的年输沙量,横线代表对应时期的均值。

Fig.6 Percentage anomaly of precipitation in different periods of QRB and corresponding annual sediment load at Quanyanshan

图7 清水河土地利用和NDVI Sen slope计算结果

Fig.7 Land use and Sen’s slope calculation results of NDVI in QRB

图8 清水河流域不同时期水土保持工程措施减沙量

Fig.8 Sediment reduction by soil and water conservation measures in different periods in QRB

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宁夏清水河流域水土保持作用下的水沙效应研究

Water and Sediment Effects of Soil and Water Conservation in Qingshui River Basin, Ningxia

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