As one most important material cycling on the earth, carbon cycling has great implications for global climate change and human well-being. Carbon in rivers could reflect the changes in climate and environment in river basins, and is a key part of the global carbon cycle. The Yangtze River Basin is the largest basin in China, with wide distribution of carbonate rocks, which has huge carbon sequestration potential. Due to the complexity of natural environment change in the Yangtze River Basin, our understanding of water environment carbon cycle under the background of global change is still limited. Here we review the temporal and spatial variations and source of carbon in the water environment and the carbon sink data of rock weathering in the Yangtze River Basin. The source and distribution of organic carbon are mainly affected by human activities. Inorganic carbon mainly comes from the chemical weathering of rocks in the Yangtze River Basin. Rock weathering has great potential in carbon sink. Under the influence of global change, the migration and transformation of these carbonic materials may lead to new ecolo-gical and environmental problems, which is of great significance for predicting future environmental changes. Our work provides a basis for the study of carbon cycle in the Yangtze River Basin.<br><div> <br></div>

指导重要饮用水水源地保护是《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国长江保护法》和“三定”规定赋予水行政主管部门的法定职责,也是维系流域供水安全保障的底线。通过对长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护管理现状的回顾分析,针对保护管理中存在的水源地名录准入退出机制不健全、安全评估制度不完善、资金投入保障机制不足等问题,提出了完善水源地安全保障规划体系、规范水源地名录管理机制、强化水源地安全评估和保护、严格水源地保护考核等长效机制构建思路和后续工作建议。研究成果对于落实《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国长江保护法》饮用水水源地保护要求、贯彻长江经济带绿色发展和长江大保护建设的要求、推动长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护长效机制建设具有重要意义。

The Ministry of Water Resources in 2022 issued the List of Major Drinking Water Sources in the Yangtze Basin,laying a crucial foundation for water resource protection and management in the region.Guiding the protection of these vital drinking water sources is a legal responsibility assigned to water administration departments by the <i>Water Law of the People’s Republic of China</i> and the <i>Yangtze River Protection Law.</i>This duty is essential for ensuring the safety of water supply in the basin.By examining the current state of protecting and managing major drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Basin,we aim to address existing issues such as the inadequate access and withdrawal mechanisms for the water source list,the deficiencies in the safety assessment system,and the insufficient funding mechanisms.Proposed long-term strategies include enhancing the water source security planning system,standardizing the management of the water source list,improving water source security assessments and protections,and implementing rigorous evaluations of water source protection measures.The findings of this research hold significant importance for fulfilling the protection mandates outlined in the <i>Water Law</i> and the <i>Yangtze River Protection Law</i>,adhering to the principles of green development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt,ensuring the Great Protection of the Yangtze River,as well as advancing the establishment of a robust,long-term supervision and management mechanism for major drinking water sources in the Yangtze River Basin.

流域生态系统规划已经成为流域相关研究中的重点内容,科学的流域生态系统规划理论和方法为流域的健康和可持续发展提供了丰富的研究途径和思路。基于生态学理论,强调了非生物要素作为生物要素的基础,阐述了水文、地形、土壤等对生态修复的作用。倡导基于自然解决方案的流域生态修复,强烈主张以水文修复作为生态修复的基础,以流域水文规划为主导的多专业协同的流域生态保护及修复方法。建议生态修复首先要理解自然生态要素之间的关系,然后统筹规划流域范围内的生物和非生物要素,并协调人类生活和生态系统保护之间的关系,为流域生态系统的健康、稳定和可持续发展提供科学性解决方案。

Watershed ecological restoration is now at the forefront of watershed study. The theory and methodology of scientific watershed planning provides a wealth of research paths and ideas for the healthy and sustainable development of watersheds. In this paper we emphasize that non-biotic factors such as water is the foundation for biotic factors, and expound that hydrology, together with terrain and soil, plays a decisive role in ecological restoration. We advocate nature-based solutions (NbS) for watershed ecological restoration. We strongly believe that hydrological restoration is fundamental to ecological restoration, and hydrological planning should play a leading role in multi-disciplinary watershed protection and restoration. Moreover, we propose a scientific approach for watershed’s healthy, steady and sustainable development by understanding the relations among natual ecological elements, systematic planning of biotic factors and non-biotic factors while balancing human demand and ecologic protection.

碳中和现已成为全球共识。为实现碳中和目标，除了发展新能源降低碳排放外，提升固碳增汇能力是其重要途径。碳汇可分为海洋碳汇和陆地碳汇两大类。海洋碳汇包括沿海生态碳汇、海水生态碳汇和人工海洋碳汇。其中，沿海生态碳汇主要由海岸植被固碳效应和沿海沉积物负载形成，海水生态碳汇主要由海洋碳泵效应形成，这两种碳汇与季风洋流条件、陆源有机物输入、海岸地理条件和人为活动直接相关，人工海洋碳汇的可行性需要综合考虑对海洋生态的影响。陆地碳汇包括陆地植被碳汇、自然地质碳汇和人工地质碳汇。其中，陆地植被碳汇是通过森林植被、草地植被以及湿地植被等植物的光合作用实现，受气温与降水、大气成分、土地利用变化以及自然干扰等因素的影响。自然地质碳汇主要由土壤碳汇和岩石风化碳汇组成，土壤碳汇受区域植被条件、气候条件和土壤利用等因素影响，而碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化作用吸收大气CO₂的岩石风化碳汇主要受气温、降水、岩石类型、水文条件以及人类活动的影响。人工地质碳汇是将捕集后的CO₂注入地下指定区域进行长期封存形成，其封存能力受地质构造、储盖条件、地热、地层水动力、油气潜力和盆地勘探开发程度等因素的影响。从气候环境、自然资源和社会经济等多种措施有机结合实现固碳增汇，是未来实现碳中和的有效途径。

Carbon neutrality has become a topic of global consensus. To achieve carbon neutrality, it is also important to enhance carbon sequestration and sink capabilities, apart from the development of new energy to minimize carbon emissions. Carbon sinks can be divided into marine and terrestrial types. The marine carbon sink is mainly composed of three parts: the coastal ecological carbon sink mainly formed by the carbon sequestration effect of coastal vegetation and coastal sediment load, and the marine ecological carbon sink mainly formed by dissolution and microbial pumps in the ocean. Both are directly related to monsoon oceanic current conditions, terrestrial organic inputs, coastal geographical conditions, and human activity. The feasibility of an artificial oceanic carbon sink depends on its impact on marine ecology. In terrestrial carbon sinks, vegetation carbon sinks are formed by organic carbon generated by the photosynthesis of terrestrial plants, including forest, grassland, and wetland vegetation. The influencing factors include temperature and precipitation, atmospheric composition, land use and its changes, and natural disturbance effects. Natural geological carbon sinks mostly consist of soil and karst carbon sinks. Soil carbon sinks are affected by regional vegetation, climatic conditions, soil utilization, and other factors. Karst carbon sinks are mainly produced by weathering between carbonate and silicate rocks absorbing atmospheric CO₂, which is affected by temperature, precipitation, rock type, hydrological conditions, and human activity. An artificial geological carbon sink was formed because the captured CO₂ was injected into the designated area underground for storage. The storage capacity depends on the evaluation of geological characteristics, reservoir conditions, oil distribution, and production. For the future, it is necessary to act decisively in climatic, natural resources, the social economy, and other aspects to fix carbon, enhance carbon sequestration, and achieve carbon neutrality.