以长江中游宜昌段、武汉段和黄石段3个监测断面为研究对象,选取农业渔业、工业生产、港口物流、过江交通和城镇生活共5种典型开发类型岸线,鉴别了不同开发类型岸线水域主要污染物种类,同时解析了其时空分布状况。结果表明,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006),3个监测断面不同类型岸线水域污染物主要包括常规污染物总氮、总磷、氨氮以及重金属铁、锰。不同污染物呈现一致的空间特征,3个断面中宜昌段水质最差,武汉段最好。而季节规律存在一定差异,3个断面常规污染物平均浓度秋季最高夏季最低,重金属则为秋冬季较高春季较低。5种岸线开发类型中,城镇生活岸线污染最为突出,总氮、总磷、氨氮、铁和锰平均浓度分别为11.58、0.83、5.85 mg/L,351.67、147.66 μg/L,超标倍数分别为11.58、4.15、5.85、1.17、1.48倍。3个断面农业渔业岸线,水体中共检出8种拟除虫菊酯类农药、33类有机磷农药和12种有机氯类农药,化工企业岸线上检出13种多环芳烃,其含量最高的分别为胺菊酯、特普、4.4′-滴滴涕和茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘,但均低于标准限值。依据比值法分析的源解析结果,多环芳烃主要来源为木材、煤以及少量油类。研究结果可为长江岸线的合理开发和结构优化以及长江大保护提供一定的数据支持。
Abstract
To identify the major pollutants in the surface waters along the riverbank of the Yangtze River middle mainstream and explore their temporal and spatial distribution, we conducted a survey on five typical types of riverbanks which have been exploited for agriculture and fishery, industrial production, port logistics, river crossing transportation, and urban living. We selected Yichang, Wuhan, and Huangshi in the middle mainstream of the Yangtze River as three representative segments. According to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB 3838—2002) and the Standard for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749—2006), we found that the main pollutants were total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). All the monitored pollutants presented a similar pattern of spatial variation, with the lowest annual mean concentration in Wuhan and the highest in Yichang. However, the temporal variations in conventional pollutants and heavy metals were different. For the conventional pollutants, the lowest mean concentration was found in summer while the highest value was in autumn. For heavy metals, the relatively higher concentrations were observed in autumn and winter, whereas the lower value was in spring. Along the middle mainstream of the Yangtze River, the riverbank exploited for urban living suffered from the most severe pollution, with annual mean concentrations of TN, TP, NH3-N, Fe and Mn across the three segments amounting to 11.58, 0.83, 5.83 mg/L, 351.67 , 147.66 μ g/L respectively, which exceeded the standard by 11.58, 4.15, 5.85, 1.17, and 1.48 folds. A total of 8 kinds of pyrethroid pesticides, 33 kinds of organophosphorus pesticides and 12 kinds of organochlorine pesticides were detected in the surface water along the agriculture and fishery riverbank. Besides, 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected along the riverbank exploited for industrial production, with tetramethrin, tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), 4.4′- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and indeno (1, 2, 3-cd) pyrene as the major compositions, yet all lower than standard. The results of sources apportionment of PAHs showed that the PAHs stemmed from wood, coal and a small amount of oil. These research findings would contribute to the rational development and structural optimization of riverbanks, and better protecting the Yangtze River with providing useful data.
关键词
长江干流 /
岸线类型 /
污染物 /
重金属 /
农药 /
多环芳烃 /
长江大保护
Key words
mainstream of the Yangtze River /
riverbank type /
pollutants /
heavy metal /
pesticide /
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons /
Yangtze River Protection
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基金
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项A类项目(XDA23040401)
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