延河流域位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,水土流失严重。流域中下游人类活动干扰强烈导致生态环境脆弱。流域内不同地貌单元(峁梁丘陵沟壑区、峁状丘陵沟壑区、破碎塬区)水土流失状况不同,本研究于2021年4月(春季)和10月(秋季)对流域底栖动物群落进行调查,通过构建底栖动物生物完整性指数(B-IBI)对流域水生态进行健康评价,并探究不同地貌单元对底栖动物生物完整性的影响。共鉴定底栖动物4门73属113种,两季度中水生昆虫均为绝对优势类群。对26个候选指标进行筛选发现: 春季B-IBI由优势分类单元个体相对丰度、科级耐污指数(FBI)、捕食者个体相对丰度3个指标构成;秋季B-IBI由蜉蝣目分类单元数、FBI、捕食者个体相对丰度3个指标构成。B-IBI评价结果显示,上游干支流83.3%的采样点处于健康状态,而中下游干支流仅有28.6%的采样点处于健康状态,流域春季健康状况优于秋季。Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验表明,破碎塬区秋季底栖动物密度、物种数和B-IBI均显著低于春季,且在秋季时显著低于峁梁丘陵沟壑区、峁状丘陵沟壑区,丰水期集中降雨导致水土流失加剧是造成这种差异的主要原因。冗余分析结果显示,影响春季底栖动物群落结构的关键因子为大石底质、叶绿素a、氧化还原电位、浊度、电导率、溶解氧,影响秋季群落结构的关键因子为硝态氮、氧化还原电位、pH。

Yanhe River Basin is located in the hilly gully area of the Loess Plateau with serious soil erosion. Strong human activities in the middle and lower reaches lead to fragile ecological environment. Soil erosion status varies among different geomorphic units within the watershed (loess liang hilly and gully region, loess mao hilly and gully region, and broken platform region). In this study, we surveyed the benthic community from the Yanhe River Basin in April (spring) and October (autumn) of 2021. To evaluate the water ecological health status of the watershed and investigate the effects of different geomorphic units on the benthic integrity of the benthos, we constructed the benthic-index of biotical integrity (B-IBI) based on the biological data. We identified a total of 113 species of 73 genera in 4 phyla of benthic fauna, with aquatic insects as the dominant taxa in both seasons. Through screening 26 candidate indicators, we found that the spring B-IBI consisted of three indicators: relative abundance of individuals of dominant taxonomic units, family biotic index (FBI), and relative abundance of predator individuals, and that autumn B-IBI was composed of the number of taxonomic units of Ephemeroptera, FBI value, and the relative abundance of predator individuals. Results of the B-IBI evaluation showed that 83.3% of the sampling sites in the upper mainstem and tributaries were at a healthy condition, while only 28.6% sampling sites in the middle and lower mainstem and tributaries were at a healthy condition. In addition, the health status of the watershed was better in spring than in autumn. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric tests showed that benthic density, species number, and B-IBI percentile scores in the fragmented loess area were significantly higher in spring than in autumn, and significantly lower in autumn than in the loess liang hilly and gully region and loess mao hilly and gully region, being mainly caused by the increasing erosion due to the concentrated rainfall in wet season. Results of the redundancy analysis showed that key environmental factors affecting benthic community structure in spring were boulder substrate, chlorophyll-a, oxidation reduction potential, turbidity, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen, and were nitrate-nitrogen, oxidation reduction potential, and pH in autumn.

基于整体保护与系统治理思维识别西北干旱区国土空间生态修复优先区,是筑牢国家生态安全屏障、推进国土空间生态文明建设的重要举措。本研究以典型西北干旱区城市——张掖市为例,采用生态服务功能重要性、电路理论、生态敏感性及生态退化评估等方法从生态网络内部缺陷和外部威胁两方面构建“生态网络-生态敏感性-生态退化”研究框架,识别西北干旱区国土空间生态修复优先区,并提出修复策略。结果表明: 张掖市生态修复优先区集中在生态脆弱且人类活动干扰强烈的河流沿岸人工防护林带及平原-荒漠-绿洲过渡带。研究区生态网络包括39个生态源地和99条生态廊道,高度敏感区和退化区面积分别为1595.40和6.65 km²。基于生态网络内部缺陷和外部威胁识别国土空间生态修复优先区31个生态夹点、7个障碍点及753.56 km²生态源地,这些区域向内关乎生态网络的连通,向外维持着生态系统稳定,是未来着重修复的区域。本研究遵循国土空间整体保护、系统修复理念,提出了综合生态网络内部缺陷和外部威胁的国土空间生态修复思路,可为张掖市生态系统综合管理及国土空间优化提供科学基础和决策依据。

Determining priority areas for territorial ecological restoration in the arid region of Northwest China based on the holistic protection and systematic governance is an important measure to build solid national ecological security barrier and promote the construction of territorial ecological civilization. Taking Zhangye City, a typical arid area city in Northwest China, as an example, we constructed the research framework of “ecological network-ecological sensitivities-ecological degradation” from two aspects of internal defects and external threats of ecological networks by using circuit theory and assessment methods of ecological service function importance, ecological sensitivity, and ecological degradation. We then identified the priority areas of territorial ecological restoration in northwest arid region and put forward the restoration strategies. The results showed that the priority areas of ecological restoration in Zhangye City were concentrated in the artificial shelterbelt along rivers and the plain-desert-oasis transition zone with fragile ecology and strong human interference. The ecological network of the study area included 39 ecological sources and 99 ecological corridors, and the highly sensitive and degraded areas were 1595.40 and 6.65 km². Based on the internal defects and external threats of the ecological network, we identified 31 ecological pinch points, 7 obstacle points, and 753.56 km² ecological source areas in the territorial spatial ecological restoration priority area. These areas were related to the connectivity of the ecological network internally and the stability maintenance of the ecosystem outwards, and were the areas to restoration in the future. Following the concept of overall protection and system restoration of territorial space, we put forward the idea of territorial space restoration by integrating internal defects and external threats of ecological network, which could provide scientific decision-making basis for comprehensive ecosystem management and territorial optimization of Zhangye City.

河流是重要的生态系统。随着经济发展，人类活动对河流生态系统的影响日益严重。为了解海河流域河流水生态健康状况，2020年在海河流域布设了39个点位（9个参照点，30个受损点）进行大型底栖动物调查，构建大型底栖动物生物完整性评价指数（Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity，B-IBI），对海河流域河流水生态健康状况进行评价。结果表明：海河流域河流共检测到大型底栖动物106种，隶属于4门8纲20目50科，其中扁形动物门1种，环节动物门6种，软体动物门12种，节肢动物门87种。中华齿米虾（Caridina denticulate sinensis）、逸仙丽翅蜉（Alainites yixiani）、摇蚊属一种（Chironomus sp.）、斑点小划蝽（Micronecta guttata）为海河流域内的优势种。通过对21个候选参数进行分布范围检验、判别能力分析和Pearson相关性分析，最终确定海河流域河流B-IBI指标体系由总分类单元数、每个分类单元的平均得分（ASPT指数）和Shannon-Wiener指数构成。采用比值法统一量纲计算得到B-IBI值。以参照位点25%分位数法建立了海河流域B-IBI评价标准。结果显示，海河流域河流整体健康状况呈现良好，39个采样点中有13个处于健康状态，12个处于良好状态，10个处于一般状态，3个处于较差状态，1个处于很差状态。整体来看，海河流域河流北部和西部山区健康状态优于南部平原地区，人类活动强度对河流健康影响较大。该研究构建的B-IBI评价体系为海河流域的河流健康监测和评价提供了重要方法，研究结果可为海河流域水生态系统的修复和保护提供基础数据支撑和科学依据。

为探究中国高寒内陆河流的健康状况，多年在黑河上中游采集大型底栖动物和水样样品，采用生物参数分布范围分析、生物判别能力分析以及相关性分析的方法，构建了由总分类单元数、水生昆虫分类单元数、前三位优势分类单元、捕食者%、敏感类群%及耐污类群%组成的黑河大型底栖动物完整性指数（B-IBI）评价体系。结果表明：（1）基于比值法得到黑河河流健康评价等级：B-IBI >3.28为健康，2.46<B-IBI<3.28为良好，1.64<B-IBI<2.46为一般，0.82<B-IBI<1.64为较差，B-IBI<0.82为极差。（2）B-IBI评价体系评价结果均表明，黑河上、中游整体健康状况处于良好状态。

To investigate the health status of alpine inland rivers in China， macrobenthos and water samples were collected in July 2019， August 2020 and July 2021 in the upper and middle reaches of the Heihe River. The distribution range and discriminatory ability of biological parameters， as well as correlation analysis were used to construct a B- IBI evaluation system of the Heihe River. The Heihe B- IBI evaluation system was constructed， which was composed of the total number of taxa， the number of aquatic insect taxa， the top three dominant taxa， the percentage of predators， the percentage of sensitive taxa， and the percentage of pollution-tolerant taxa. The results showed that： （1） the river health evaluation grade of the Black River was obtained based on the ratio method： B- IBI>3.28 was healthy， 2.46< B- IBI<3.28 was good， 1.64< B- IBI<2.46 was fair， 0.82< B- IBI<1.64 was poor， and B- IBI<0.82 was very poor. （2） Both the B- IBI evaluation system and the BI index results show that the middle reaches of the Heihe River is in good condition.

龙感湖位于安徽省华阳河湖群自然保护区,生态价值突出,应用底栖动物完整性指数科学评价湖泊水生态健康可为湖泊保护和管理提供依据。根据2021年4月在安徽省龙感湖10个监测点的底栖动物数据,通过对20个候选生物指标进行分布范围、判别能力及相关性分析,筛选出总物种数、优势类群数量百分比、软体动物个体数百分比、敏感类群种类数、粘附者种类数共5个核心参数组成完整性指数评价体系,采用比值法统一生物参数的量纲,累加各生物参数分值得到B-IBI值,利用四等分法确定湖泊健康分级标准。结果表明;湖区10个监测点中的3个为健康、4个为亚健康、2个为一般、1个为较差,整体水生态健康状况不容乐观。龙感湖东南部为健康、鄂皖交界水域为亚健康、东北部为一般,龙感湖东北部健康状况差可能是因为该区域位于支流二郎河入湖口,二郎河水体携带的生活污水和磷矿污染物富集在底泥中,进而影响了底栖生物完整性。

Most publications on the influence of environmental factors on macroinvertebrate communities focus on large rivers, whereas relatively few examine small watercourses in agricultural areas, which, due to their size and pressure from intensive agricultural production, are much more susceptible to the effects of unfavourable environmental conditions or anthropopressure. The aim of our study was to compare the biodiversity of macrozoobenthos assemblages and to determine the effects of physicochemical and hydrological conditions on their abundance and density in 10 small rivers in agricultural areas located in northwest (53°23′ N 15°14′ E) and central (52°11′ N 20°48′ E) Poland. In total, 105 taxa were recorded, with the majority being euryoecious. Among the assessed physicochemical parameters, oxygenation was found to affect the density and number of taxa; another important factor was the content of nitrate nitrogen. Sensitivity to changes in water temperature was observed in some macrozoobenthos taxa (especially Decapoda). Of the examined hydrological parameters, the greatest effects were exerted by speed, flow, and depth.

Understanding the drivers of species distribution is an important topic in conservation biology and ecology, pertaining to species traits like dispersal strategies and species–environment interactions. Here we examined the drivers of benthic species distribution at 20 sections of a second-order stream network. Environmental and spatial factors and the dispersal modes of the organisms were considered. We expected that species with aerial dispersal capabilities like insects would be less restrained by distance between sites and thus mostly affected by environmental factors. In contrast, we hypothesized that completely benthic species would mainly be affected by spatial factors due to limited dispersal. However, microscopic species like nematodes characterized by a high passive dispersal potential may be less limited by spatial factors. When using redundancy analyses and subsequent variance partitioning, the included variables explained 24% (insects), 24% (non-flying macrobenthos), and 32% (nematodes) of the variance in the respective community composition. Spatial factors mainly explained the species composition of all tested groups. In contrast with other larger species, nematodes were characterized by fine-scale patterns that might have been induced by random processes (e.g., random distribution and priority effects). Our study showed that dispersal processes are crucial in shaping benthic communities along streams albeit the relatively small sampling area (max. distance between sampling sites: 2 km). The demonstration of spatial factors as important drivers of the species distribution of passively dispersing benthic organismal groups highlights the role played by connectivity in determining species distribution patterns in river systems.

2017年春季(4月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(11月)对永定河流域23个样点的大型底栖动物、水环境和水文因子进行了野外调查,分析了永定河流域大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的群落组成与时空分布特征及其对河流生境变化的响应情况。永定河流域3个季节共采集到大型底栖动物78种,隶属3门6纲39科,其中,春季52种、夏季50种、秋季53种,功能摄食类群以收集者占绝对优势,其次为捕食者,刮食者、滤食者、撕食者所占比例极低。3个季节优势种均属于收集者类群,春季优势种为直突摇蚊属、流水长跗摇蚊属、环足摇蚊属,夏季优势种为雕翅摇蚊属,秋季优势种为多足摇蚊属、摇蚊属、直突摇蚊属。冗余分析结果表明: 水温、流速、盐度以及总磷是影响春季大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的主要影响因子;总磷、溶解氧、电导率以及流量是夏季大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的主要影响因子;总磷和溶解氧是影响秋季大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的主要影响因子;总磷在春、夏、秋季均与收集者类群表现出正相关性,表明永定河流域大型底栖动物功能摄食类群受到了水质污染的影响。基于功能摄食类群参数的评价表明:1)物质循环方面,妫水河初级生产力显著高于其他区域,秋季大于其他季节;洋河次级生产力和分解能力显著高于其他区域,春季大于其他季节,但洋河自养/异养作用显著低于其他区域,春季小于其他季节;2)纵向输入能力方面,桑干河显著高于其他区域,秋季大于其他季节;3)沿岸物质的输入方面,妫水河显著高于其他区域,夏季大于其他季节。

We investigated community structure of macroinvertebrate, water environment factors, hydrological factors at 23 sampling sites of the Yongding River basin from spring 2017 (April) to autumn 2017 (November). We analyzed the composition, spatial and temporal distribution of the macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups, as well as their responses to changes in riverine habitat. A total of 78 macroinvertebrate species were identified, with 52, 50 and 53 macroinvertebrate species in spring, summer and autumn respectively. The dominant functional feeding groups were gather-collectors, followed by predators, while the proportion of scrapers, filter-collectors and shredders were extremely low. Dominant species in the three seasons were all gather-collectors, including Orthocladius, Rheotanytarsus, Cricotopus in spring, Glyptotendipes in summer, and Polypedilum, Chironomus, Orthocladius in autumn. Results of redundancy analysis showed that the functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrate community structure were mainly influenced by water temperature, flow velocity, salinity, and total phosphorus in spring, by total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and flow capacity in summer, and by total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen in autumn. Total phosphorus had positive correlation with gather-collectors in all three seasons, indicating that the functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates were affected by water pollution. The evaluation based on the metrics of functional feeding groups showed that: 1) in terms of material cycle, primary productivity of Guishui River were significantly higher than other regions, and that in autumn were significantly higher than other seasons. The secondary productivity and decomposition capacity of Yanghe River were significantly higher than other regions, and those in spring were significantly higher than other seasons. The autotrophy/heterotrophy of Yanghe River was significantly lower than other regions, and that in spring were significantly higher than other seasons. 2) The longitudinal transport capacity of Sanggan River was significantly higher than other regions, and that in autumn was significantly higher than other seasons. 3) The lateral input capacity of Guishui River was significantly higher than other regions, and that in summer was significantly higher than other seasons.

We assessed the habitat suitability of macrobenthos in the upper and middle reaches of the Heihe River, with the dominant species <em>Argyroneta aquatica</em>as the indicator species. Three indicator factors, including dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature (WT), and sediment (SD), were selected from the habitat environmental factors. The habitat suitability curves of the three indicator factors were established, and the habitat suitability index (HSI) of <em>A. aquatica</em> at each site was calculated. The results showed that <em>A. aquatica</em> prefers pebble riverbeds, with the ranges of optimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration being 7.21-9.17 mg·L^-1, and the range of optimum water temperature (WT) being 17.25-22.10 ℃. The average HSI values in the upper and middle reaches of the Heihe River were 0.66 for the upper tributary, 0.63 for the upper mainstream, and 0.81 for the middle reaches. The upper tributary and upper mainstream reaches of Heihe River were under a suitable state, and the middle reaches were under the most suitable state for macrozoobenthos. Results of spatial variability analysis showed that human activities had little impact on the habitats of macrozoobenthos in the upper tributary and middle reaches of the Heihe River. Water temperature was the main factor restricting the habitat suitability of the upper tributary. The construction of cascade reservoir was an important factor affecting the habitat of macrozoobenthos in the upper reaches of Heihe River.<br>