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汉江汉中段水体重金属污染特征及来源探析
Characteristics and Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution in Hanzhong Section of Hanjiang River
以汉江汉中段2022年1—12月期间20个采样断面的7种重金属及4种常规检测指标的实测数据为基础,通过数据挖掘和分析,揭示汉江汉中段水体重金属时空分布特征,运用内梅罗综合污染指数法评价水体重金属的污染现状,最后结合相关性分析和主成分分析,揭示该流域段水体重金属的主要来源。研究结果表明:该流域段水体7种重金属年均值浓度依次为Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>As>Cd>Hg,均在《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅱ类标准限值内;高浓度断面主要分布在采矿和金属冶炼企业周边。从时间维度上看,该流域段丰水期的重金属污染指数略高于枯水期;以地表水Ⅰ类水质标准为参照,整体上该流域段处于尚清洁水平,主要污染因子为Cu和Cr。汉江汉中段水体重金属的第一主成分主要包含Pb、Zn、As、Cd和Hg,与水污染物氨氮(NH3-N)同源,主要受工业源、交通运输、生活排污等人类活动的影响。第二主成分主要包括Cr、Hg和Cu,主要受周边工、农业生产活动的影响。研究成果可为汉江汉中段水污染治理和水质保护提供科学的依据。
[Objective] The Hanzhong section of Hanjiang River is an important water source for the “South-to-North Water Diversion” and “Hanjiang-to-Weihe Diversion” projects. Its water quality directly affects the ecological environment and residents’ production and livelihoods along these water transfer systems. This study aims to analyze the current pollution status of heavy metals in Hanzhong section, explore their spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, and identify their primary sources. [Methods] Based on 240 sets of measured data of seven heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Cr) and four conventional monitoring indicators (pH, DO, NH3-N, CODCr) collected from 20 sampling sites in Hanzhong section from January to December 2022, we analyzed the temporal differences of heavy metal pollution during wet season (July-September) and dry season (December-February) using an improved heavy metal pollution index (HPI). The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index was used to evaluate the current pollution status of heavy metals in the water bodies, with reference to the Class I surface water quality standard. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were jointly applied to investigate the correlations among heavy metals and between heavy metals and conventional indicators, and to identify their main pollution sources. [Results] The annual average concentrations of seven heavy metals in this river section followed the order: Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>As>Cd>Hg, all within the Class II standard limits of GB 3838—2002. Spatially, high-concentration cross-sections mainly distributed around mining and metal smelting enterprises. Temporally, the HPI index during wet season was slightly higher than that during dry season, but neither exceeded the critical threshold. At some urban traffic arteries, due to traffic pollution and atmospheric deposition, the pollution index during dry season was relatively higher. The single-factor pollution index evaluation results indicated that Cu and Cr were primary pollution factors, followed by Hg and Zn. Correlation analysis results showed that Cd had highly significant positive correlations with Pb, Zn, and As. As was highly significantly positively correlated with Pb and Zn, and Zn was highly significantly positively correlated with Pb. Hg, Zn, Pb, Cu, As, and Cd had significant positive correlations with NH3-N, suggesting that they had the same sources. Principal component analysis results revealed that the first principal component, including Pb, Zn, As, Cd, and Hg, was mainly affected by industrial sources, transportation, and domestic sewage discharge. The second principal component, including Cr, Hg, and Cu, was mainly affected by industrial and agricultural production activities. [Conclusion] The prevention and control of heavy metals in the water bodies of the Hanzhong section of the Hanjiang River should focus on Cu pollution, monitor the concentration changes of heavy metals such as Cr and Pb, optimize the layout of mining and smelting enterprises along the river, improve farmland soil to reduce the migration of heavy metals, and protect the water quality safety in this section of the river.
重金属 / 时空分布规律 / 污染特征 / 污染源 / 汉江汉中段 / 水污染治理 / 水质保护
heavy metal / spatio-temporal distribution / pollution characteristics / pollution source / Hanzhong section of Hanjiang River / water pollution treatment / water quality protection
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In the aim of investigating the pollution status of heavy metals in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River, we collected water samples from 20 points in June 2019 (wet season) and January 2020 (dry season), respectively, and measured the concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, As, Se and Cd) in the waters. We further analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of heavy metal pollution, and evaluated the pollution status of heavy metal. Our findings manifested that Fe and Mn were dominant heavy metals in the water body of the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River, while the concentrations of other six heavy metals met the surface water class-Ⅱ standard. The concentrations of Fe and Mn fluctuated greatly along the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, and their change rules were basically consistent. The maximum concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected at Zhupi River (a tributary), exceeding the limit of surface water environmental quality standard by 4.63 times and 0.13 times, respectively. In addition, the concentration of Fe in section S17 (Hanchuan City) exceeded the standard by 3.89 times. In association with historical data analysis, we found that heavy metal concentration of water body in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River is on the rise in general in recent years. The evaluation results indicate that the water quality in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River is generally good. Zhongxiang City and Hanchuan City are two cities with heavy metal pollution problems. The heavy metal pollution in the tributary Zhupi River should arouse more attention.
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以Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr为研究对象,采用内梅罗综合污染指数法、Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法以及健康风险评价模型,揭示渭河流域渭南段水体重金属污染特征、生态风险和健康危害风险。结果表明:Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr共6种重金属浓度均在《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ—Ⅲ类标准限值内;研究区重金属污染属于清洁水平,水体重金属内梅罗综合污染指数<0.7;水体重金属综合潜在生态风险呈现低度到中度的生态风险,以Pb的生态风险为主;研究区非致癌重金属元素引起的健康风险均低于致癌重金属元素引起的健康风险,饮水途径的健康风险远高于皮肤接触途径产生的健康风险,且重金属污染对儿童的威胁比成人大。研究结果可为流域水体重金属污染风险管理及污染防治提供理论依据。
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以长江中游宜昌段、武汉段和黄石段3个监测断面为研究对象,选取农业渔业、工业生产、港口物流、过江交通和城镇生活共5种典型开发类型岸线,鉴别了不同开发类型岸线水域主要污染物种类,同时解析了其时空分布状况。结果表明,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006),3个监测断面不同类型岸线水域污染物主要包括常规污染物总氮、总磷、氨氮以及重金属铁、锰。不同污染物呈现一致的空间特征,3个断面中宜昌段水质最差,武汉段最好。而季节规律存在一定差异,3个断面常规污染物平均浓度秋季最高夏季最低,重金属则为秋冬季较高春季较低。5种岸线开发类型中,城镇生活岸线污染最为突出,总氮、总磷、氨氮、铁和锰平均浓度分别为11.58、0.83、5.85 mg/L,351.67、147.66 μg/L,超标倍数分别为11.58、4.15、5.85、1.17、1.48倍。3个断面农业渔业岸线,水体中共检出8种拟除虫菊酯类农药、33类有机磷农药和12种有机氯类农药,化工企业岸线上检出13种多环芳烃,其含量最高的分别为胺菊酯、特普、4.4′-滴滴涕和茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘,但均低于标准限值。依据比值法分析的源解析结果,多环芳烃主要来源为木材、煤以及少量油类。研究结果可为长江岸线的合理开发和结构优化以及长江大保护提供一定的数据支持。
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To identify the major pollutants in the surface waters along the riverbank of the Yangtze River middle mainstream and explore their temporal and spatial distribution, we conducted a survey on five typical types of riverbanks which have been exploited for agriculture and fishery, industrial production, port logistics, river crossing transportation, and urban living. We selected Yichang, Wuhan, and Huangshi in the middle mainstream of the Yangtze River as three representative segments. According to the <i>Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water </i>(GB 3838—2002) and the <i>Standard for Drinking Water Quality </i>(GB 5749—2006), we found that the main pollutants were total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). All the monitored pollutants presented a similar pattern of spatial variation, with the lowest annual mean concentration in Wuhan and the highest in Yichang. However, the temporal variations in conventional pollutants and heavy metals were different. For the conventional pollutants, the lowest mean concentration was found in summer while the highest value was in autumn. For heavy metals, the relatively higher concentrations were observed in autumn and winter, whereas the lower value was in spring. Along the middle mainstream of the Yangtze River, the riverbank exploited for urban living suffered from the most severe pollution, with annual mean concentrations of TN, TP, NH<sub>3</sub>-N, Fe and Mn across the three segments amounting to 11.58, 0.83, 5.83 mg/L, 351.67, 147.66 μ g/L respectively, which exceeded the standard by 11.58, 4.15, 5.85, 1.17, and 1.48 folds. A total of 8 kinds of pyrethroid pesticides, 33 kinds of organophosphorus pesticides and 12 kinds of organochlorine pesticides were detected in the surface water along the agriculture and fishery riverbank. Besides, 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected along the riverbank exploited for industrial production, with tetramethrin, tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), 4.4′- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and indeno (1, 2, 3-cd) pyrene as the major compositions, yet all lower than standard. The results of sources apportionment of PAHs showed that the PAHs stemmed from wood, coal and a small amount of oil. These research findings would contribute to the rational development and structural optimization of riverbanks, and better protecting the Yangtze River with providing useful data.
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Human activities contribute greatly to heavy metal pollution in soils. Concentrations of 15 metal elements were detected in 105 soil samples collected from a typical rural-industrial town in southern Jiangsu, China. Among them, 7 heavy metals-lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, chromium, cadmium, and nickel-were considered in the health risk assessment for residents via soil inhalation, dermal contact, and/or direct/indirect ingestion. Their potential sources were quantitatively apportioned by positive matrix factorization using the data set of all metal elements, in combination with geostatistical analysis, land use investigation, and industrial composition analysis. Furthermore, the health risks imposed by sources of heavy metal in soil were estimated for the first time. The results indicated that Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co accumulated in the soil, attaining a mild pollution level. The total hazard index values were 3.62 and 6.11, and the total cancer risks were 9.78 × 10 and 4.03 × 10 for adults and children, respectively. That is, both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks posed by soil metals were above acceptable levels. Cr and As require special attention because the health risks of Cr and As individually exceeded the acceptable levels. The ingestion of homegrown produce was predominantly responsible for the high risks. The potential sources were apportioned as: a) waste incineration and textile/dyeing industries (28.3%), b) natural sources (45.4%), c) traffic emissions (5.3%), and d) electroplating industries and livestock/poultry breeding (21.0%). Health risks of four sources accounted for 23.5%, 32.7%, 7.4%, and 36.4% of the total risk, respectively.Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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